Every Web developer has to know the building blocks of the Web:
每个网络开发者都应该通晓网络组件群：

HTML 4.01 The use of CSS (style sheets) 样式表的用法 XHTML XML and XSLT XML和XSLT Client side scripting 客户端脚本程序 Server side scripting 服务器端脚本程序 Managing data with SQL| 通过SQL管理数据 The future of the Web Web在将来的应用

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HTML 4.01

HTML is the language of the Web, and every Web developer should have a basic understanding of it.
HTML 是网络语言，每个网络开发者都应该对它有一个基本的了解。

HTML 4.01 is an important Web standard. and very different from HTML 3.2.
HTML4.01是重要的网络标准。它与HTML3.2截然不同。

When tags like <font> and color attributes were added to HTML 3.2, it started a developer's nightmare. Development of web sites where font information must be added to every single Web page is a long and expensive pain.
当<font>标签和颜色属性添加到HTML3.2中时，它就变成了开发者的噩梦。当字体信息被添加到网站中的每一张网页时，网站的开发就变成了一个长期困扰人们的问题。

With HTML 4.01 all formatting can be moved out of the HTML document and into a separate style sheet.
通过使用HTML4.01，所有的格式都可以从HTML文档中去掉。你只要把它们写进专门的样式表中就可以对页面中所有的样式进行操作。

HTML 4.01 is also important because XHTML 1.0 (the latest HTML standard) is HTML 4.01 "reformulated" as an XML application. Using HTML 4.01 in your pages makes the future upgrade from HTML to XHTML a very simple process.
HTML4.01还有一个重要的部分就是XHTML1.0（最新的HTML标准）。XHTML1.0是HTML4.01作为XML应用的一种形式。，通过在页面中使用HTML4.01可以轻松地将HTML升级为XHTML。

Make sure you use the latest HTML 4.01 standard.
确定你使用的是最新的HTML4.01标准。

Study our Complete HTML 4.01 reference.
学习我们完整的HTML4.01参考。

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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
样式表（CSS）

Styles define how HTML elements are displayed, just like the font tag in HTML 3.2. Styles are normally saved in files external to  HTML documents. External style sheets enable you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in your Web, just by editing a single CSS document. If you have ever tried changing something like the font or color of all the headings in all your Web pages, you will understand how CSS can save you a lot of work.
样式表定义了HTML元素的显示方式，如HTML3.2中的字体标签。样式表通常被存储在HTML文档的扩展文件中。通过编辑简单的CSS扩展样式表可以使你改变网络中页面的显示和布局方式。如果你试图改变网页中所有标题的字体和颜色，你就会发现，样式表的作用是多么大。

Make sure you study our CSS tutorial.
学习我们的CSS教程吧。

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XHTML - The Future of HTML
XHTML - HTML的未来

XHTML stands for Extensible HyperText Markup Language.
XHTML 表示扩展超文本标记语言。

XHTML 1.0 is now the latest HTML standard from W3C. It became an official Recommendation January 26, 2000. A W3C Recommendation means that the specification is stable and that the specification is now a Web standard.
XHTML1.0是最新的W3C标准。官方于2000年1月26日正式推荐它。W3C推荐使用标准意味着该规格已经固定，并且已经成为一种网络标准。

XHTML is a reformulation of HTML 4.01 in XML and can be put to immediate use with existing browsers by following a few simple guidelines.
XHTML是HTML4.01的XML扩展形式，它可以通过一些简单的使用向导直接用于现存的浏览器中。

To prepare for the future: Read how this site was converted to XHTML.
为将来准备吧：站点转换成XHTML的方式。

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XML - A Tool for Describing Data
XML - 用于描述数据的工具

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is NOT a replacement for HTML. In future Web development, XML will be used to describe and carry the data, while HTML will be used to display the data.
扩展标记语言（XML）并不是HTML的替代品。在将来的网络发展中，它将被用于描述和携带数据，而则HTML用于显示数据。

Our best description of XML is as a cross-platform, software- and hardware-independent tool for storing and transmitting information.
我们关于XML最好的描述就是：XML是一个交互式平台，它是用于存储和传递信息的独立硬件或软件。

We believe that XML is as important to the Web as HTML was to the foundation of the Web and that XML will be the most common tool for all data manipulation and data transmission.
我们相信XML在网络应用中与HTML同等重要。HTML是作为网络的基础，而XML将会成为所有数据操作和数据传输的最重要工具。

Make sure you study our XML tutorial.
下面来学习我们的XML教程吧。

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XSLT - A Tool for Transforming Data
XSLT - 数据转换工具

XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for transforming XML.
XSLT（扩展样式表语言转换）是用于转换XML的语言。

Future Web sites will have to deliver data  in different formats, to different browsers, and to other Web servers. To transform XML data into different formats, XSLT is the new W3C standard.
将来的网站将不得不将数据以不同的格式，或在不同的浏览器和服务器之间转换数据。XSLT是W3C的标准，它是用于将XML转换为其它不同的格式的。

XSLT can transform an XML file into a format that is recognizable to a browser. One such format is HTML. Another format is WML - the mark-up language used in many handheld devices.
XSLT可以将一个XML文件转换为浏览器可识别的一种格式语言，如：HTML。另一种就是：WML - 在许多移动设备中使用的标记语言。

XSLT can also add elements, remove, rearrange and sort elements, test and make decisions about which elements to display, and a lot more.
XSLT可以添加元素，删除、重排和排列元素，测试并决定具体显示的元素等等。

Make sure you study our XSLT tutorial.
下面来学习我们的XSLT 教程吧。

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Client-Side Scripting
客户端脚本程序

Client-side scripting is about "programming" the behavior of an Internet browser. To be able to deliver more dynamic web site content, you should teach yourself JavaScript:
客户端脚本程序是设计网络浏览器可以识别的程序语言。为了能够让网页的内容更具动态效果，你应该学习这类脚本语言：

• JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages.
  
  JavaScript 为HTML设计师提供了一个程序开发工具 - HTML设计师通常不是一个程序设计师。但是JavaScript脚本语言是一个语法非常简单的语言。你可以在每个页面中添加一个小小的JS代码片断。
• JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this: document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page.
  
  JavaScript 可以为你的HTML页面添置动态内容 - 一段JS语句：document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>")可以向一个HTML页面中写入一段动态的内容。
• JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element.
  
  JavaScript可以用于激发事件 - 当一个条件发生时，一段JS脚本语句可以用于执行某个过程，如：等到页面加载完毕或用户点击一个HTML页面时，执行某个事件。
• JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element.
  
  JavaScript 可以阅读和书写HTML元素 - 一个JS脚本程序可以用于读取或改变一个HTML元素中的内容。
• JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server, this will save the server from extra processing.
  
  JavaScript 可以用于验证数据 - 一个JS脚本程序可以在用户向服务器提交信息之前验证数据的有效性，这将有利于节约服务器的额外进程耗费。

Make sure you study our JavaScript Tutorial.
下面来学习我们的JavaScript 教程吧。

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Server-Side Scripting
服务器端脚本程序

Server-side scripting is about "programming" an Internet server. To be able to deliver more dynamic web site content, you should teach yourself server-side scripting. With server-side scripting, you can:
服务器端脚本程序适用于在网络服务器上执行的程序。为了能够让网页的内容更具动态效果，你应该学习这类脚本语言。通过使用服务器端脚本语句，你可以实现下面的目标：

• Dynamically edit, change, or add any content of a Web page
  动态编辑、改变或添加一个网页中的任何内容。
• Respond to user queries or data submitted from HTML forms
  对用户的查询和HTML表单的提交作出回应
• Access any data or databases and return the results to a browser
  访问数据或数据库并向浏览器返回结果
• Access any files or XML data and return the results to a browser
  访问所有的文件或XML数据并向浏览器返回结果
• Transform XML data to HTML data and return the results to a browser
  将XML数据转换成HTML数据，并向浏览器返回结果
• Customize a Web page to make it more useful for individual users
  定制网络页面，使其相对于个人用户来说更具有使用性
• Provide security and access control to different Web pages
  提供关于不同网络页面的安全控制和访问控制
• Tailor your output to different types of browsers
  为不同类型的浏览器定制输出结果
• Minimize the network traffic
  减少网络流量

At RuanChen we demonstrate server-side scripting by using Active Server Pages (ASP) and PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP).
在RuanChen的有关服务器端脚本教程中，我们重点介绍了动态服务器页面（ASP）以及超文本预处理程序（PHP）。

Make sure you study our ASP tutorial or our PHP tutorial.
下面来学习我们的ASP 教程和PHP教程吧。

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Managing Data with SQL
通过SQL来管理数据

The Structured Query Language (SQL) is the common standard for accessing databases such as SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, and Access.
结构化查询语言（SQL）通常是一个用于访问诸如SQL Server、Oracle、Sybase和Access这样的数据库的通用标准。

Knowledge of SQL is invaluable for anyone wanting to store or retrieve data from a database.
SQL的知识对于那些希望向数据库中存储数据或从数据库中调用数据的人来说是无价的。

Any webmaster should know that SQL is the true engine for interacting with databases on the Web.
任何一个网络设计师都应该知道：SQL是与网络数据库进行交互的引擎。

Make sure you study our SQL tutorial.
下面来学习我们的SQL 教程吧。

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What Will the Future Bring?
那么将来会出现什么新的技术呢？

One important thing to know is that the functionality of Web Sites will change very drastically. We will see a huge shift from sites displaying "static content" to data driven sites delivering "dynamic content".
要知道在将来，互联网技术将发展的非常之快。我们会发现，越来越多的网站内容将从“静态”变为“动态”。

We will also see a lot of new browsers, like the browsers found in mobile devices, and we will see a lot more use of XML to communicate data between servers, and between servers and browsers.
我们会看到很多新的浏览器的出现，如：基于移动设备的浏览器；我们还会看到更多用于在服务器之间、服务器和浏览器之间交换数据的XML的新用法。

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