Why a Philosophy?
网站设计哲学

A philosophy is nothing more than a school of thought. I think it is necessary for one to develop their own style to be successful. It is not my objective to impose my style on you. The guidelines that I set forth here are not on their own unique or original, but rather my philosophy based on the advice offered by many other webmasters and my own trial and error learning experience.

哲学只不过是一种思想教育，我认为人们有必要开发自己的成功思维。我并不是想把自己的思想强加给你，这里我阐述的指导方针并不是我自创的，而是借鉴了其它很多网站管理员的意见，并综合了自己经验与教训所做出的结论。

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is a very general language designed to place information on web pages. It is not a word processing or desktop publishing tool. The sooner you come to grips with this fact, the faster you will become an effective webmaster. Here's why:

HTML（超文本链接标示语言）是一种安排网页信息的常用语言，它不是文字处理软件也不是桌面出版工具。越早明确这个事实，你就会越快成为一个有用的设计师，下面介绍原因：

• No two browsers show a page quite the same way.
  呈现在两个浏览器中的页面不会完全相同。
• Even if everyone were to use the same browser, not everyone would have the same resolution as you.
  即使浏览器相同，电脑屏幕分辨率也会有差异。
• It really never was intended to be as specific as a word processor, and its fundamental structure reflects this.
  HTML的功能没有文字处理软件那么精确，它的结构就能反映出这一点。
• Nobody owns the web. Therefore, standards are rather difficult to enforce.
  网络不属于每一个人，因此没有统一的标准。

Design Considerations for an Imperfect World...
设计网站注意事项：

• Assume everyone has their screen set to 640x480 and 256 colors..
  This minor detail is very often overlooked by web authors.
  假设：每个用户的计算机屏幕显示率为640x480，并且有256种颜色。网络设计者经常会忽略这个小细节。
  • If you want to go "wide", then make sure that what you consider the material of primary importance to your reader is located on the left side of the screen. At BNB, you will notice that the "Network Bar" is on the right side, not the left!
    
    如果你希望网站做大，就要确保把用户认为重要的信息放在屏幕的左边。在BNB网站中，你会发现导航条在屏幕右边，而不是左边。
  • Causes text to be obscured by side margin artwork.
    
    网页两边的空白会使文本不清晰。
  • Forces the user to use the right-left scroll bar to read the text.
    
    用户需要利用水平滚动条阅读文本。
  • Banner and navigation art can be unrecognizable. Even worse scenarios are possible with background images.
    
    标语以及导航菜单不清楚，更糟糕的是出现背景图片。
  • Do use TABLES (now supported by almost all browsers) to create some white-space in your pages.
    
    在页面中可以利用表格创建空白区域，现在大多数浏览器支持表格形式。
  • Use very basic color schemes and avoid noisy background images.
    
    运用基本的配色方案，避免出现眼花缭乱的背景图片。
  • Always use ALT (image descriptions) with your images so that people with text browsers can use and understand your pages. Not doing this prevents a lot of students from enjoying your site.
    
    在图片中使用ALT（说明图片的标签），这样文本浏览器用户就可以运用图片并且了解图片信息。如果忽视这一点，网站会流失很多学生用户。
• Nobody has their own personal T-1 connection to the web.
  没有人利用T-1进行网络链接
  
  Okay, so maybe you have one, but most people are using either 28.8K or 56(haha)K modems. As a rule of thumb, do not create pages that take more than 30 to 60 seconds to load at 28.8K. You can accomplish this by:
  
  好的，可能你现在还使用T-1，但是大部分用户使用28.8K或者是56K的调制解调器上网。按照经验，你应该避免创建在28.8k状态下，下载时间多于30-60秒的网页。你可以参照以下方法，达到这个目的：
  • Using graphics sparingly, and using color reduction when possible.
    尽量少使用图片，如果有可能减少颜色数量。
  • Use Interlaced GIF images (89a standard) when possible. These provide a nice fade-in effect that allows people a sneak preview of your image as it comes into view.
    
    如果有可能，运用交错的GIF图片。这样会创造出一种很好的渐现效果。这样在图片出现时，用户可以提前浏览这些图片。
  • If you do have a lot of images to present on one page, use thumbnails (small versions) and link the larger images to them. If the reader wants, they can then view the picture in its full glory!
    
    如果确实要在一张页面中呈现很多图片，你可以首先建立小尺寸的图片，然后与大图片进行链接。如果读者愿意，他们可以查看尺寸大的图片。
  • Always indicate the HEIGHT and WIDTH of your images. Many browsers cannot display any part of the page until it knows all of the dimensions of the objects that the page consists of.
    
    显示图片的高度和宽度。很多浏览器只有在了解了页面包含的图片尺寸之后，才会显示出图片。
  • Not expecting your personal web space that came with your Internet service to be fast. It may seem fast to you because you are on the same server, but page requests coming from the outside may be served at a very low priority.
    
    不要认为你的网站网络连接速度很快。由于你的计算机与网站处于同一台服务器中，所以你会感觉到网站运行速度很快，但其他用户的运行速度可能不会这样。
  • Do not include the http:// directive when linking to pages and images located on your server. This prevents most browsers from caching (storing data for reuse) and causes the information to be reloaded as your readers navigate around your site.
    
    在与服务器中的网页、图片链接时，不要包含http://指令。否则，大多数浏览器不会储藏数据（目的：重新利用），这样用户浏览网站时，需要重新下载信息。
• Be Consistent
  连贯
  • Reuse navigation icons and provide a consistent look and feel to your site. There is also nothing wrong with using the same buttons as everyone else. In fact this can make people more comfortable with your site.
    
    重复利用导航图标，会使网站呈现一致的外观。当然，你也可以运用与其它网站相同的按钮，这样更能使用户对网站产生舒适感。
  • Pick a color theme and stick to it. Changing color schemes every page is confusing. This applies to background colors as well as colors for text, links, etc...
    
    选择并坚持使用一种配色方案，因为不断改变配色方案会让用户感到迷惑。网站背景颜色、文本颜色、链接颜色都应该这样。
  • Stick to your mission. Do not fill your site with stuff that does not matter.
    围绕网站目标安排内容。避免出现与主题无关的内容。

As an aid to becoming more consistent in your page layout, work out a set of page layouts that you feel work for your site. The examples below are the layouts or grids that I use at this site. The one on the left is the Home or usual point of entry screen. The one on the right is what I use for most of the other screens.

网页需要连贯的布局，所以你需要总结出一套适合自己网站的布局。我在网站中经常利用以
下布局与栅格，左图是主页或进入页面的设计，右图是其它页面的设计。

• Avoid Glitz and the Cutting Edge of Web Technology.
  避免使用先进技术制作浮华页面
  
  
  • Use animation sparingly. An animation is a nice touch and a great way to draw somebody's attention to something you want to feature. There is however, nothing as annoying and distracting than a collection of flashing images all over the screen.
    
    尽量减少使用动画制作技术。动画图像确实能吸引用户的注意力，然而，全屏出现flash图像，会分散用户注意力，使他们感到厌烦。
  • Keeping in mind that no two browsers handle things quite the same, avoid what are called browser specific tags. If the viewer's browser does not support the tag, the item will either be ignored, or displayed as plain text.
    
    请记住：不同的浏览器，会有不同的呈现效果。避免使用“浏览器属性”标签，如果用户的浏览器不支持这个标签，这些内容或者被忽略，或者以纯文本形式呈现出来。
  • Java and VBscript are great, but, not all browsers support them. Provide an alternative means of viewing your information. Do not tell them to get a real browser or don't come back.
    
    Java与VBscript效果会很好，但并不是所有的浏览器都支持它们。你可以提供另外一种浏览信息的方法，不要告诉浏览者使用固定的浏览器，否则他们会放弃你的网站。
  • Do not use FRAMES for the sake of using them! Although you can use the NOFRAMES tag to allow non-frames browsers to view your pages, you must design your pages to work in that environment. Simplicity and clean design are the keys. Please take a look at The US Jaycees web site for a fine example of this.
    
    不要因为喜欢利用框架，就是用框架。尽管你可以使用“NOFRAMES（无框架）”标签，让不支持框架的浏览器呈现页面，但你必须在这样的环境中设计网页。简单、清晰的页面设计是关键，具体情况可参考The US Jaycees web site的设计。
• Use the Right Tools.
  运用正确的工具
  
  There is no point in trying to hammer a nail with a chainsaw. Do not expect one program or another to be a Swiss Army Knife. See my tools page for what I have found to be a great collection of programs. I have tried (and am always trying new programs!) just about everything out there. Most packages are great at a few things, but I have yet to find the Nirvana HTML editor!
  
  现实生活中，敲钉子并没有什么窍门，所以不要期望出现类似于瑞士军刀的制作程序。在介绍工具的网页中，我总结了许多网站设计程序，并且也进行了测试，发现大多数程序只有几方面可取。现在我仍然在寻找完美的HTML编辑器。
  • Do not use an HTML generator for anything other than converting large text files to HTML. I say this for two reasons: you will lose creative control over your site- and you will not learn anything.
    
    不要利用HTML生成程序，除非是把大文本文件转化为HTML。有两个原因： 第一，网站设计会缺乏创造性；第二，你学不到任何知识。
  • Do use an HTML generator if your primary job is not in systems, and you do not have the time to really mess with this stuff. If you decide that you want to, you can always start doing things by hand.
    
    如果你的主要工作不是构建系统，你可以使用HTML生成程序，因为你确实没有必要花费时间研究这些内容。如果不打算是用这个程序，设计之初就要手工运作。
  • Have more than one browser on your system. If nothing else, be sure that you view your work using both Netscape and Microsoft Internet Explorer. If you happen to have an AOL account (or have a friend that does) check it out on that as well.
    
    计算机安装一个以上的浏览器，如果情况不允许，要保证可以在Netscape与Microsoft Internet Explorer中 ，检测网站。如果安装AOL（或者朋友具备），你可以在这个浏览器中检测网站。
  • If you have a 56K modem or better, also try to have a 28.8K one as well. This way you can experience your page at the same speed(s) that 90% of the world will. When timing page loads, be sure to clear your browser cache first!
    
    即使存在56K或者更好的调制解调器，你同样需要准备28.8K的。这样你可以测试出90%的网站用户运行速度。
  • A utility such as quickres that allows you to change your resolution and colors on the fly. This is very handy in designing pages that can be viewed by almost anyone.
    
    运用quickres可以改变设计不合理的屏幕分辨率与颜色。这样能方便地设计出吸引用户的网站。
  • A good book. Read some HTML and Web Design books. Find one you like and keep it close by. Even with my background I find it easier to lookup something I forgot in a book than to page through the web looking for it.
    
    阅读有价值的书籍。你可以研究几本HTML、网站设计书籍，首先需要找到一本喜欢的，进行深入研究。以我的经验来看，在书中查找内容比在网站中查找内容更容易。
• Make sure you put your site where it belongs.
  正确选择虚拟主机
  
  
  • If you are placing your site on your personal webspace that came with your Internet service, make sure you are aware of any restrictions. These include:
    
    网站上传到提供网络服务的空间后，需要遵守以下限制：
    • Maximum number of page accesses per month.
      
      每月最大数量的page accesses。
    • Maximum number of bytes downloaded per month.
      
      最大数量的下载字节。
    • Restrictions on commercial messages. Some providers even consider naming your employer a violation that could cause you to be charged commercial rates!
      
      商业咨文的限制。如果不加留意，咨文提供者会控告你的老板，你需要支付商业税。
      
      
    • Can you have CGI-BIN and Server Side Includes. If not, you cannot have a nice interactive website.
      
      你是否具备CGI-BIN与Server Side Includes呢？如果没有，就不能建成高质量的交互式网站。
  • Consider a virtual host. This is what I used before the site got extremely busy. It ran about $30 a month and I had:
    
    考虑运用实际的虚拟主机。在网站业务特别繁忙之前，我经常运用。你只需花费30美元，就可以拥有：
    • My own domain name.
      
      自己的域名。
    • Several different mailboxes.
      
      几种不同的邮箱。
    • 10GB of monthly bandwidth.
      
      每月10GB的带宽。
    • An unrestricted Unix environment.
      
      自由的Unix环境
    • The ability to provide FTP downloads to my audience.
      
      为用户提供FTP下载
    • Freedom from having to manage the server!
      
      不用管理服务器
• SPELLING & GRAMMAR: I cannot stress the importance of proper spelling and grammar strongly enough.
  
  拼写及语法错误：网页中避免出现拼写与语法错误，这一点很重要。
• Never include an image in any page that you are calling from somebody else's site! It is very rude in that it steals bandwith from the owner of the image. This can cause them to incur charges as well as have their site slow down. Actually, the odds are it will be your page that suffers! If you must, just take a copy and put it on your server. Do give credit where credit is due.
  
  网页中不要出现来自于其它网站的图片。这样会占取其它网站的带宽，是很不道德的。你不仅要向图片主人支付费用，还会减慢网站下载速度，其实，真正受影响的是你的网页。如果必须截取图片，你只需要复制，然后放到服务器中，必要时介绍图片出处。

运用对比方法设计网站的3条建议 提高图片下载速度

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